Divided Berlin: Chronology of Conflict

Berlin's division between 1945 and 1990 was marked by three major crises that brought the US and USSR to the brink of direct war.

1. The Potsdam Division (1945)

At the **Potsdam Conference** (July–August 1945), Truman, Stalin, and Churchill/Attlee finalized the division of the city into four sectors. The Soviet sector (East Berlin) comprised 403 km², while the Western sectors (West Berlin) totaled 480 km².

2. The Berlin Airlift (1948–1949)

The first major Cold War confrontation began on **June 24, 1948**.

- **Logistics:** At the peak of "Operation Vittles," a plane landed at Tempelhof Airport every 45 seconds.

- **The "Candy Bombers":** Lt. Gail Halvorsen began dropping miniature parachutes with sweets for children, a major psychological victory for the West.

- **Legacy:** The Airlift transformed the Western occupiers into "protectors" in the eyes of Berliners.

3. The Uprising of June 17, 1953

What started as a protest by 300 workers on the Stalinallee against a 10% increase in work quotas spread to 400 towns across the GDR.

- **Soviet Intervention:** 16 divisions and 20,000 soldiers of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany were deployed to restore order.

- **Geopolitical Impact:** The failure of the West to intervene militarily proved that the US would not risk World War III to "roll back" the Iron Curtain in East Germany.

4. The 1961 Crisis and Checkpoint Charlie

- **Operation Rose:** The codename for the closing of the border on **August 13, 1961**.

- **Tank Standoff:** On **October 27, 1961**, ten American M-48 tanks and ten Soviet T-54 tanks faced off at Checkpoint Charlie following a dispute over the right of Western diplomats to enter East Berlin without showing identity cards. The standoff lasted 16 hours before both sides withdrew one tank at a time.

5. Espionage and "The Bridge of Spies"

Berlin was the espionage capital of the world.

- **Operation Gold:** A joint CIA/MI6 tunnel (1954–1956) into the Soviet sector to tap communication lines.

- **Glienicke Bridge:** The location for three high-profile prisoner exchanges, including U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers for Soviet spy Rudolf Abel in **1962**.